{"id":12978,"date":"2019-06-14T21:45:20","date_gmt":"2019-06-14T19:45:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/?p=12978"},"modified":"2019-06-14T21:45:20","modified_gmt":"2019-06-14T19:45:20","slug":"wobec-impasu-w-posredniczonych-negocjacjach-iran-usa-oczekuje-sie-fali-iranskiego-terroryzmu-na-roznych-frontach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wobec-impasu-w-posredniczonych-negocjacjach-iran-usa-oczekuje-sie-fali-iranskiego-terroryzmu-na-roznych-frontach\/12978","title":{"rendered":"Wobec impasu w po\u015bredniczonych negocjacjach Iran-USA, oczekuje si\u0119 fali ira\u0144skiego terroryzmu na r\u00f3\u017cnych frontach"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wprowadzenie<\/strong><\/p>\n

W zesz\u0142ym miesi\u0105cu Iran nasili\u0142 przemoc wobec pa\u0144stw Zatoki \u2013 Arabii Saudyjskiej i Zjednoczonych Emirat\u00f3w Arabskich \u2013 w celu doprowadzenia USA do negocjacji na warunkach Iranu: po\u015bredniczonych negocjacji, kt\u00f3rych celem jest zniesienie sankcji USA wobec Iranu. Dla USA cel negocjacji jest zupe\u0142nie inny; \u017c\u0105daj\u0105 zmian w umowie nuklearnej JCPOA i zatrzymania ekspansji i wywrotowej dzia\u0142alno\u015bci Iranu w regionie, jak r\u00f3wnie\u017c ograniczenia rozwoju potencja\u0142u pocisk\u00f3w balistycznych Iranu.<\/p>\n

Reakcja USA na militarn\u0105 eskalacj\u0119 Iranu (patrz poni\u017cej) by\u0142a podw\u00f3jna: Ameryka wys\u0142a\u0142a lotniskowce do regionu i postanowi\u0142a wzmocni\u0107 swoje si\u0142y w Zatoce, a r\u00f3wnocze\u015bnie wyrazi\u0142a gotowo\u015b\u0107 do prowadzenia po\u015bredniczonych negocjacji z Iranem i podj\u0119\u0142a pojednawcze kroki, by to umo\u017cliwi\u0107. Te kroki obejmowa\u0142y op\u00f3\u017anienie wp\u0142yni\u0119cia lotniskowc\u00f3w do Zatoki Perskiej, op\u00f3\u017anienie wprowadzenia w \u017cycie sankcji na przemys\u0142 petrochemiczny Iranu i oznajmienie 2 czerwca 2019 r. przez sekretarza stanu Mike\u2019s Pompeo, \u017ce USA s\u0105 gotowe prowadzi\u0107 negocjacje z Iranem bez warunk\u00f3w wst\u0119pnych, kt\u00f3re og\u0142oszono wcze\u015bniej.<\/p>\n

Negocjacje Iran-USA prowadzone przez po\u015brednik\u00f3w podobno ju\u017c si\u0119 tocz\u0105, ale nie doprowadzi\u0142y do niczego ani dla Iranu, ani dla USA z powodu niedaj\u0105cej si\u0119 zasypa\u0107 przepa\u015bci mi\u0119dzy \u017c\u0105daniami i celami stron.<\/p>\n

Chocia\u017c USA odrzuci\u0142y propozycj\u0119 ira\u0144skiego ministra spraw zagranicznych, D\u017cawada Zarifa z 24 kwietnia 2019 r., by prowadzi\u0107 negocjacje o wymianie wi\u0119\u017ani\u00f3w, podobno jednak negocjowa\u0142y i rezydent USA oraz liba\u0144ski obywatel, Nazar Zaka, przetrzymywany przez Iran od listopada 2015 r. pod zarzutem szpiegostwa, zosta\u0142 zwolniony 11 czerwca 2019 r. Ponadto tocz\u0105 si\u0119 po\u015brednie negocjacje w sprawie ustalenia granicy morskiej mi\u0119dzy Izraelem a Libanem z udzia\u0142em Izraela i Hezbollahu, co wymaga po\u015bredniego zaanga\u017cowania ameryka\u0144skiego i ira\u0144skiego.<\/p>\n

Te pojednawcze kroki USA Iran przedstawi\u0142 jako pokaz s\u0142abo\u015bci. Ira\u0144ski prezydent, Hassan Rohani powiedzia\u0142 na konferencji sportowc\u00f3w w Teheranie 1 czerwca: \u201eTen sam wr\u00f3g, kt\u00f3ry rok temu deklarowa\u0142 \u2018moim celem jest zniszczenie re\u017cimu Republiki Islamskiej [Iranu]\u2019, og\u0142osi\u0142 dzisiaj wyra\u017anie, \u017ce nie chce zrobi\u0107 niczego przeciwko re\u017cimowi [ira\u0144skiemu]. Ten sam wr\u00f3g, kt\u00f3ry kilka miesi\u0119cy temu powiedzia\u0142, \u017ce jest najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 militarn\u0105 na \u015bwiecie i \u017ce gdyby chcia\u0142, to m\u00f3g\u0142by z\u0142ama\u0107 si\u0142y zbrojne Iranu, o\u015bwiadczy\u0142 dzisiaj, \u017ce nie ma zamiaru walczy\u0107. Jeszcze kilka miesi\u0119cy temu Zatoka Perska by\u0142a miejscem, gdzie jego lotniskowce p\u0142ywa\u0142y swobodnie, ale dzisiaj niczego nie s\u0142ycha\u0107 od jego marynarki i jest ona zakotwiczona na wodach mi\u0119dzynarodowych, 300 i 400 mil [od Zatoki Perskiej]. W tym czasie pokazali\u015bmy, \u017ce nie poddamy si\u0119 strasz\u0105cym i chciwym supermocarstwom. Jeste\u015bmy lud\u017ami rozs\u0105dku i negocjacji, pod warunkiem, \u017ce siedzimy przy stole negocjacyjnym w pe\u0142ni szanowani i w ramach mi\u0119dzynarodowego prawa, nie na rozkaz, by prowadzi\u0107 negocjacje. W takim wypadku nie b\u0119dziemy pos\u0142uszni…”<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Szef ira\u0144skiego s\u0105downictwa, Ebrahim Raisi, powiedzia\u0142 3 czerwca 2019 r.: \u201eWidzimy jak Ameryka b\u0142aga o negocjacje z Iranem. To jest dalszy dow\u00f3d poprawnego i przenikliwego stanowiska Przyw\u00f3dcy [Chameneiego], kt\u00f3ry m\u00f3wi\u0142 raz za razem: \u2018W obliczu nadmiernych \u017c\u0105da\u0144 wroga, op\u00f3r jest jedynym sposobem dla narodu ira\u0144skiego, by osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 zwyci\u0119stwo\u2019. Dzisiaj Ameryka potrzebuje negocjacji i je\u015bli b\u0119dziemy nalega\u0107 na nasze pryncypialne stanowisko, wr\u00f3g cofnie si\u0119, jak faktycznie pokaza\u0142y niedawne stanowiska oficjeli USA”<\/a>[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2 czerwca 2019, genera\u0142 Jahjah Safavi, doradca ira\u0144skiego najwy\u017cszego przyw\u00f3dcy, Alego Chameneiego i dow\u00f3dca Korpusu Stra\u017cnik\u00f3w Rewolucji Islamskiej Iranu (IRGC), powiedzia\u0142: \u201eAmeryka przechwala si\u0119 tylko politycznie i militarnie, a w rzeczywisto\u015bci dwa tygodnie temu zacz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 wycofywa\u0107. Jeste\u015bmy gotowi do wojny. Dzisiaj jeste\u015bmy mocarstwem na Bliskim Wschodzie”<\/a>[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Na tle przepa\u015bci nie do zasypania miedzy stanowiskami Iranu i USA i po niepowodzeniu rozmaitych kana\u0142\u00f3w po\u015bredniczenia u\u017cywanych przez Iran wobec USA (patrz poni\u017cej), zwi\u0105zana z IRGC gazeta \u201eJavan\u201d opublikowa\u0142a\u00a0\u00a0 11 czerwca na pierwszej stronie karykatur\u0119, przedstawiaj\u0105c\u0105 niemieckiego ministra spraw zagranicznych, Heiko Maasa, kt\u00f3ry niedawno odwiedzi\u0142 Teheran w pr\u00f3bie zbudowania mostu mi\u0119dzy stronami, jako Hitlera wykonuj\u0105cego rozkazy swoich ameryka\u0144skich i izraelskich pan\u00f3w. Takie przedstawienie wizyty Maasa odzwierciedla nik\u0142e prawdopodobie\u0144stwo powodzenia po\u015brednich negocjacji, czy to o JCPOA, kwestiach ekspansji Iranu w regionie i jego pocisk\u00f3w, czy kontynuacji sankcji, a tak\u017ce wyra\u017ca frustracj\u0119 ira\u0144skiego re\u017cimu niepowodzeniem zmuszenia administracji Trumpa do zmiany stanowiska wobec Iranu.<\/p>\n

\"\"Karykatura na pierwszej stroni \u201dJavan\u201d: „Faszystowskie oczekiwania europejskiego wys\u0142annika” (\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: <\/em>Javan, 11 czerwca 2019)<\/em><\/p>\n

Wobec tego impasu oczekuje si\u0119, \u017ce Iran nasili swoj\u0105 przemoc. Oznaki, \u017ce robi to, mo\u017cna zobaczy\u0107 w fali aktywno\u015bci w r\u00f3\u017cnych sektorach, w\u0142\u0105cznie z konfliktem Iran-Izrael na arenach Syrii i Gazy<\/a>[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Oczekuje si\u0119 tak\u017ce nasilenia konfliktu miedzy Iranem a pa\u0144stwami Zatoki, to jest Arabi\u0105 Saudyjsk\u0105 i Zjednoczonymi Emiratami Arabskimi. 4 czerwca Amir Abirabdollahian, specjalny bliski wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownik przewodnicz\u0105cego Mad\u017clisu, tweetowa\u0142 o Arabii Saudyjskiej:<\/p>\n

„Je\u015bli #Saudyjscy w\u0142adcy nie przestan\u0105 wspiera\u0107 #US w ekonomicznej wojnie przeciwko #Iranowi, musz\u0105 poczeka\u0107 na jego now\u0105 i szokuj\u0105c\u0105 decyzj\u0119. Zegar tyka tak szybko dla ci\u0105g\u0142o\u015bci Saudyjsko-#Emirackiej-#Izraelskiej brudnej polityki\u201d.<\/p>\n

Twitter.com\/Amirabdollahian, 4 czerwca 2019.<\/em><\/p>\n

W artykule redakcyjnym z 22 maja 2019 r. zwi\u0105zana z re\u017cimem gazeta \u201eKayhan\u201d wezwa\u0142a do zniszczenia saudyjskiego re\u017cimu<\/a>[5]<\/a>. Istotnie, milicja Huti nadal atakuje cele na ziemi saudyjskiej. 12 czerwca 2019 r. Hiti og\u0142osili, \u017ce zaatakowali pociskiem samosteruj\u0105cym dalekiego zasi\u0119gu cywilne lotnisko Abha, po\u0142o\u017cone oko\u0142o 200 km od granicy jeme\u0144sko-saudyjskiej; przedtem, 9 czerwca, zaatakowali dronami lotnisko Nad\u017cran w po\u0142udniowozachodniej Arabii Saudyjskiej. Rzecznik Hutich, Jahjah Sari’a powiedzia\u0142 te\u017c 5 czerwca, \u017ce jego si\u0142y zaatakowa\u0142y 20 plac\u00f3wek wzd\u0142u\u017c granicy saudyjskiej i przej\u0119\u0142y je<\/a>[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

10 czerwca na wsp\u00f3lnej konferencji prasowej z niemieckim ministrem spraw zagranicznych, Maasem, na zako\u0144czenie wizyty Maasa w Teheranie, ira\u0144ski minister spraw zagranicznych, Zarif, ostrzeg\u0142: \u201eNapi\u0119cie w naszym regionie jest z powodu ekonomicznej wojny Ameryki wobec Iranu. Jedynym sposobem zredukowania napi\u0119cia w regionie jest zastopowanie ekonomicznej wojny. Nie mo\u017cecie oczekiwa\u0107, \u017ce ekonomiczna wojna z narodem ira\u0144skim b\u0119dzie trwa\u0142a, [podczas gdy] ludzie, kt\u00f3rzy rozpocz\u0119li j\u0105 lub j\u0105 popieraj\u0105, s\u0105 chronieni”<\/a>[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

12 czerwca zast\u0119pca Zarifa, Abbas Araghchi, tak\u017ce przekaza\u0142 ostrze\u017cenie podczas spotkania z specjalnym wys\u0142annikiem ministra spraw zagranicznych Singapuru, Zainula Abidin bin Mohamed Raszeeda. Powiedzia\u0142: \u201eAmeryka rozpocz\u0119\u0142a ekonomiczn\u0105 wojn\u0119 z Iranem i to jest \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o wzrostu napi\u0119cia w regionie. Ameryka\u0144skie sankcje ekonomiczne s\u0105 w rzeczywisto\u015bci skierowane przeciwko bezpiecze\u0144stwu ca\u0142ego regionu; dlatego niemo\u017cliwe jest oczekiwanie spokoju i bezpiecze\u0144stwa w regionie bez zawieszenia broni w [tej] ekonomicznej wojnie [przeciwko nam]”<\/a>[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dzi\u015b rano (13 czerwca 2019) eskalacja si\u0119gn\u0119\u0142a nowego szczytu z atakiem na dwa tankowce w pobli\u017cu Cie\u015bniny Ormuz<\/a>[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[Ci\u0105g dalszy tekstu nie jest spolszczony]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Iran Condition For Negotiations: The Lifting Of The Sanctions<\/p>\n

As noted above, in all its contacts with the U.S. since as early as 2015, the Iranian regime aims to get the sanctions on it lifted.<\/a>[10]<\/a>\u00a0This was stressed most recently in statements by Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei on May 29, 2019\u00a0when he said: „The problem is [not the negotiations themselves but rather] setting the topic of the talks. We are not negotiating on every topic. I want to be clear: We will not negotiate on topics considered to be the honor of the revolution. We will not negotiate with anyone on our defensive capabilities. Because negotiation means a deal… not only sitting and talking… When they say [to us], 'give up and abandon the defensive options that strengthen you, it is impossible to negotiate on such a thing… This [is the essence of] negotiating with America; America’s strategy is pressure, and negotiation is only secondary to pressure.<\/p>\n

„The way to fight this [American] stratagem… is for the other side [i.e. Iran] to have means of pressure as well, and utilize them. This is the only way… \u00a0to stop the other side. We have the means of counter-pressure against the American pressure. These means are not military or anything like that, despite what they say and what they want to publicize. If a time comes when [military means] become necessary, we possess [such means], but this is not what we are considering [at the moment]. We have [other] means of pressure. The steps that the Supreme Council for National Security has taken and also announced [regarding the issues of uranium enrichment and heavy water] is one of them… That is, stopping [America’s pressure] is not limited [to the steps being carried out] at the moment. The current steps are sufficient for now, [but] in the next stage, when the need arises, we can use other means of pressure…”<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Addressing the cabinet on May 29, 2019 the occasion of Qods Day, Iranian President Rohani said: „[The Americans] talk a lot, and there are many ups and downs in their talk. The steadfastness of the [Iranian] people has occasionally forced them to contradict themselves. Our yardstick is not what they say but what they do. When they stop their injustice towards the Iranian nation, lift the cruel sanctions, keep their promises and return to the negotiation table \u2013 which they themselves left and destroyed \u2013 they will not find their way blocked. The Iranian nation is alert and clever, and its yardstick is action.”<\/a>[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Iran’s Modus Operandi: Using Terror And Diplomacy Simultaneously<\/p>\n

Iran’s usual mode of operation is to make simultaneous use of two means: its terror capabilities \u2013 which it calls „defense policy” (see Zarif’s statements in the ABC interview below), implemented either by its own forces or by its proxies in the Middle East \u2013 and its diplomatic capabilities, to achieve its aims and improve its political and regional standing. This policy of employing terror, directly or via proxies, in varying degrees of intensity in order to achieve diplomatic aims, is Iran’s regular strategy, as has been demonstrated again by the events of the past month in several arenas: in the UAE (the May 12 attack on the oil tankers), in Saudi Arabia (the May 12 Houthi attack on the Aramco oil facilities, as well as the May 26 Houthi attack on the aircraft hangars in Jizan on the Red Sea<\/a>[13]<\/a>), in Gaza (the activation of the Islamic Jihad to stage attacks on Israel on May 3, the day on which the U.S. retracted its exemption from sanctions for several countries still buying oil from Iran), and in Iraq (the May 19 firing of rockets at the Green Zone in Baghdad, which houses foreign embassies). Alongside its use of terror, Iran has proposed to negotiate a non-aggression pact with the Gulf states it has attacked.\u00a0<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

Both the terror and the diplomacy vis-\u00e0-vis the Gulf states are aimed at changing the policy of the U.S.,\u00a0 which Iran is unable to confront directly. The goals of the terror attacks of the past month are the following: pressuring the U.S. to indirectly negotiate with Iran,<\/a>[15]<\/a>\u00a0extracting an American commitment to refrain from attacking it, and securing the alleviation or lifting of the sanctions. The first two goals have in fact been achieved, but as for the sanctions, it seems that U.S. President Trump is unlikely to succumb to the Iranian pressure, and therefore Iran can be expected to renew its terror attacks, carried out by its proxies and targeting its Arab rivals and their global oil trade.<\/p>\n

This strategy explains the repeated Iranian attempts to initiate negotiations with the U.S. on Iran’s own terms via various mediators \u2013 including Oman, Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, Japan, Switzerland and Germany.<\/a>[16]<\/a>\u00a0Foreign Minister Zarif visited Japan on May 17 and Baghdad on May 26, while his deputy Abbas Araghchi visited Oman and Kuwait and met with their respective \u00a0foreign ministers.<\/a>[17]<\/a>\u00a0Furthermore, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas visited Tehran on June 10 and Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo came there two days later to mediate and convey messages.<\/p>\n

May 26 tweet by Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi (twitter.com\/aragchi)<\/em><\/p>\n

Iran’s strategy was explicitly articulated by President Rohani’s advisor Hessameddin\u00a0Ashna, who said on May 21: „We want [to achieve] two things simultaneously. First, we will not allow a war to break out in this region. Second, we will not agree to remain under [U.S.] sanctions. Our answer to the U.S. is 'no to war and no to sanctions.’ The U.S., which fears a war [with us], wants to force us to negotiate [with it]… The reply we gave [the Americans], and what our foreign policy [in the nuclear and diplomatic domains] and our defense strategy [a hint at the terror attacks attributed to Iran] accomplish, are the following: achieving a situation where America can neither frighten us with war nor maintain its sanctions [on us].”<\/em><\/a>[18]<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Rohani advisor Hessameddin Ashna (source: Tasnim, Iran)<\/em><\/p>\n

Iranian Threats<\/p>\n

Iranian officials complement the diplomatic pressure with harsh threats directed against the U.S. For example, Foreign Minister Zarif used threatening language in a June 2, 2019 interview with ABC:\u00a0„We don’t differentiate between economic war and military war. The U.S. is engaged in war against us, and a war is painful to our participants. We have a very clear notion that in a war, nobody wins. In war, everybody loses the loss of some will be greater than the loss of others\u2026<\/p>\n

„’All options are on the table’ belongs to the time when the use of force was legal, and that is about 100 years ago. What we say is that we exercise our self-defense. Self-defense is allowed. President Trump has announced that he is engaged in a war and economic war against Iran, and we have an obligation to defend our people against that economic war.”<\/a>[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

Khamenei aide and advisor and former IRGC commander Yahya Safavi said on June 2: „The Americans have 25 military bases in the region, including the CENTCOM air command in Qatar, the ground forces command in Kuwait and the naval command in Bahrain. These bases house over 20,000 troops. The Americans know very well that this military force is in range of Iran’s missiles. Moreover, in the Persian Gulf, all of the American navy [vessels, and the vessels of other] foreign [countries], are within range of the IRGC’s surface-to-sea missiles. These missiles have a range of 300 km, i.e., can span the distance between the Iranian shore and the opposite shore.<\/p>\n

„Trump has turned security into an economic [issue], and he will never launch any war unless it is economically profitable. Trump knows that any war against Iran will result in a military defeat [for the U.S.] and will also be very costly in economic terms.\u00a0 The very first bullet fired in the Persian Gulf will cause the price of oil to skyrocket to over $100 [a barrel], and America, Europe and America’s allies, such as Japan and South Korea, will not be able to bear oil prices of $100 [per barrel]…<\/p>\n

„If Trump asks the opinion of the U.S. army [generals], who have learned the lessons of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, they will certainly prevent him from fighting in Iran, for they know that Iran has a strategy of surprises and it will deliver a shocking blow [to the U.S.]. They know very well that Iran has kept many of its military strategies under wraps, and can deliver a shattering blow to foreign forces.<\/p>\n

„The war being waged today is an economic and psychological one. The withdrawal from the nuclear agreement, and the oil sanctions, are actually [a kind of] war. I hope we will win this war as well, using the same strategy of resistance, soft war and internal unity.<\/p>\n

„The strength of America, the Zionist regime and some of the Arab countries is steadily waning. The reactionary countries in the region [i.e., the Arab Gulf states] must know that the Americans have never been loyal to any of their slaves, such as the [Iranian] Shah, [Tunisian president]\u00a0Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, [Egyptian president] Hosni Mubarak, [Libyan president] Mu’ammar Qaddafi, etc., and they will not be loyal to their slaves in the future. The Americans will definitely leave the Middle East, as Khamenei said…<\/p>\n

„Iran will be the neighbor of the states in the region forever, and if they are wise, they will not capitulate to America, which calls them 'milk cows’ and extracts money from them.<\/p>\n

„Iran always seeks to maintain friendly relations with the countries of the region, and Khamenei, too, has been stressing the unity of the Islamic nation for years. Our strategy is non-aggression towards our neighbors. Iran is even willing to sign a non-aggression pact with the neighboring countries. Foreign Minister [Zarif] mentioned this [only] recently. My suggestion is to sign a non-aggression pact with some of the countries and form a coalition with others. I hope that the countries of the region will regard America and the Zionists as their enemies, instead of Iran…”<\/a>[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Responding to the dispatching of the USS\u00a0Abraham Lincoln\u00a0aircraft carrier to the Persian Gulf, IRGC navy commander Alireza Tangsiri said on May 13: „We are absolutely ready [for its arrival], and if the enemy missteps, our first move will be to attack and destroy all the American gear and infrastructures in the region.”<\/a>[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

* A. Savyon is director of MEMRI’s Iran Media Project; Y. Carmon is the president and founder of MEMRI.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0President.ir\/fa, June 1, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0Mashreghnews.ir, June 3, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[3]<\/a>\u00a0Farsnews.com, June 2, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a>\u00a0A video released May 30, 2019 by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad’s Al-Quds Brigades showed drones attacking an Israeli tank. Saraya.ps.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[5]<\/a>\u00a0See MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 8082,\u00a0Iranian Regime Mouthpiece 'Kayhan’ Announces A War To Bring Down Saudi Regime And Reduce Saudi Oil Exports To Zero; States: America Has No Desire, Or No Capability, To Support Saudi Arabia And The UAE<\/a>, May 22, 2019).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[6]<\/a>\u00a0Almasirah.net, June 5, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[7]<\/a>\u00a0Tasnim (Iran), June 10, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[8]<\/a>\u00a0Isna.ir, June 12, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[9]<\/a>\u00a0Alarabiya.net, June 13, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[10]<\/a>\u00a0See MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 6151,\u00a0Khamenei Declares That He Will Not Honor The Agreement If Sanctions Are Merely Suspended And Not Lifted<\/a>, September 4, 2015;\u00a0Inquiry & Analysis No. 1196,\u00a0Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei’s Letter Of Guidelines To President Rohani On JCPOA Sets Nine Conditions Nullifying Original Agreement Announced July 14, 2015,\u00a0October 22, 2015<\/a>;\u00a0Special Dispatch No. 6191,\u00a0 Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei, Iranian Officials Speak Out Against Iranian Approval Of JCPOA, October 18, 2015<\/a>; MEMRI Daily Brief No.65, MEMRI:\u00a0’The Emperor Has No Clothes’<\/a>, October 30, 2015.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[11]<\/a>\u00a0Farsi.khamenei.it, May 29, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[12]<\/a>\u00a0President.ir\/fa, May 29, 2019. It is important to note that the Iranian regime does not rule out negotiations with the West, providing it can ensure compliance with its demands in advance. This is what happened during the Obama administration, when the Iranian regime announced it would not negotiate with the U.S. over its long-range missiles, but eventually did enter negotiations in which it demanded in advance, and received, American approval for missiles with a range of up to 2000 km. See MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 6100,\u00a0Leaks From The Negotiation Room: Iran, Russia vs. U.S. In Verbal Clash Over Iran’s Ballistic Missiles<\/a>, July 10, 2015.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[13]<\/a>\u00a0In late May the Houthi Al-Masirah channel also reported a Houthi suicide drone attack on Saudi military infrastructure. Fars (Iran), May 26, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[14]<\/a>\u00a0Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif repeated this proposal to the Gulf states during his May 25, 2019 visit to Baghdad. ISNA (Iran), May 26, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[15]<\/a>\u00a0Iran refuses to hold direct and open negotiations with the U.S., since this is perceived as capitulation, based on the ideology of the Islamic Revolution (which regards the U.S. as the „Great Satan”) as well as from a political perspective. Secret and indirect negotiations are Iran’s customary solution in times of crisis. The open nuclear negotiations came only after lengthy secret contacts during which the Obama administration accepted Iran’s position in full, namely recognized Iran’s right to enrich uranium, which was an Iranian precondition for launching the open negotiations. See MEMRI Special Dispatch No.6131, Iranian Senior Officials Disclose Confidential Details From Nuclear Negotiations: Already In 2011 We Received Letter From U.S. Administration Recognizing Iran’s Right To Enrich Uranium, August 10, 2015.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[16]<\/a>\u00a0There have been numerous reports in the regional and global media about mediation efforts by countries inside and outside the region, including reports on a secret visit by Qatari Foreign Minister Muhammad Bin 'Abd Al-Rahman Aal Thani in Tehran in mid-May; willingness by Iraq and Kuwait to mediate between Iran and the U.S. in order to ease the tensions (Al-Hayat<\/em>, London, May 27, 2019, arabi21.com, May 25, 2019, raialyoum.com, May 21, 2019, aljazeera.net, May 17, 2019), a visit by the Omani foreign minister in Tehran and contacts between him and the Americans (elaph.com, May 21, 2019), and a report by the Iraqi Almaalomah news agency on a visit by Iraqi Prime Minister 'Adel 'Abd Al-Mahdi in Qatar and Kuwait as part of the mediation efforts between Iran and the U.S. This last report also mentioned mediation efforts by Russia, Qatar, Iraq, Switzerland, Oman and Japan (almaalomah.com, May 20, 2019). The online daily raialyoum.com reported on May 26 that Zarif’s deputy Abbas Araghchi will relay a message to the Arab countries that Iran is interested in dialogue with them to resolve the problems, and also relay Iran’s replies to proposals presented by Qatar’s foreign minister during his visit to Tehran.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[17]<\/a>\u00a0Tasnim (Iran), May 26, 2019, ILNA (Iran), May 27, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[18]<\/a>\u00a0Tasnim (Iran), May 21, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[19]<\/a>\u00a0Abcnews.go.com, June 2, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[20]<\/a>\u00a0Fars (Iran), June 2, 2019.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[21]<\/a>\u00a0Fars (Iran), May 13, 2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wprowadzenie W zesz\u0142ym miesi\u0105cu Iran nasili\u0142 przemoc wobec pa\u0144stw Zatoki \u2013 Arabii Saudyjskiej i Zjednoczonych Emirat\u00f3w Arabskich \u2013 w celu doprowadzenia USA do negocjacji na warunkach Iranu: po\u015bredniczonych negocjacji, kt\u00f3rych celem jest zniesienie sankcji USA wobec Iranu. Dla USA cel negocjacji jest zupe\u0142nie inny; \u017c\u0105daj\u0105 zmian w umowie nuklearnej JCPOA i zatrzymania ekspansji i wywrotowej […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[827,829,832,833,835,836,837],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iran","category-usa-i-bliski-wschod","category-projekt-badan-nad-dzihadem-i-terroryzmem","category-badania-i-analizy","category-archiwum","category-tematy","category-kraje"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12978","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12978"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12978\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12983,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12978\/revisions\/12983"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12978"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12978"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.memri.org\/polish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12978"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}